![]() Pupil dilation is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system and mediated almost exclusively via norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus (through stimulation of α-adrenoceptors on the iris dilator muscle and postsynaptic α 2-adrenoceptors within the relatively closely located Edinger–Westphal nucleus, which projects to the ciliary ganglion controlling the dilation of the iris Yoshitomi, Ito, & Inomata, 1985). Given that pupil diameter is easily measured by standard eyetracking technologies and can provide fundamental insights into cognitive and emotional processes, it is hoped that this article will further motivate scholars from different disciplines to study pupil size. These guidelines are accompanied by an open source MATLAB script (available at ). Finally, we provide step-by-step guidelines that will help those interested in pupil size to preprocess their data correctly. In this article we first provide a short review of the literature on pupil size measurements, then we highlight the most important sources of noise and show how these can be detected. Before analyzing pupil size, it is therefore of crucial importance first to detect this noise and deal with it appropriately, even prior to (if need be) resampling and baseline-correcting the data. ![]() The different systems used for recording pupil size are almost as variable as its applications, and all yield, as with many measurement techniques, a substantial amount of noise in addition to the real pupillometry data. As a result, research involving pupil size measurements has been reported in practically all psychology, psychiatry, and psychophysiological research journals, and now it has found its way into the primatology literature as well as into more practical applications, such as using pupil size as a measure of fatigue or a safety index during driving. Changes in pupil size can reflect diverse cognitive and emotional states, ranging from arousal, interest and effort to social decisions, but they are also widely used in clinical practice to assess patients’ brain functioning. Pupillometry has been one of the most widely used response systems in psychophysiology.
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